Standard wide-ß angle beams are suitable for the range of structural spans normally encountered in of ces, schools, hospitals, apartment buildings hotels, retail stores, warehouses, and other buildings in which columns may be brought to earth at intervals without obstructing the activities that take place within. For many other types of buildings non athletic buildings, … Read more
Building Þ res are not hot enough to melt steel, but are often able to weaken it sufÞ ciently to cause structural failure (Figures 11.68 and 11.69). For this reason, building codes generally limit the use of exposed steel framing to buildings of one to Þ ve stories, where escape in case of Þ re … Read more
A steel building frame begins as a rough sketch on the drafting board of an architect or engineer. As the build ing design process progresses, the sketch evolves through many stages of drawings and calculations to become a Þ nished set of structural drawings. These show accurate column loca tions, the shapes and sizes … Read more
Connection Details of Steel Framing Most steel frame connections use angles, plates, or tees as transitional elements between the members being connected. A simple bolted beam-to column-ß angle connection requires two angles and a number of bolts (Figures 11.24 11.27). The angles are cut to length, and the holes are made in all the components … Read more
Steel Steel is any of a range of alloys of iron that contain less than 2 percent carbon. Ordinary structural steel, called mild steel, contains less than three tenths of 1 percent carbon, plus traces of beneficial elements such as manganese and silicon, and of detrimental impurities such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In … Read more
Steel, strong and stiff, is a material of slender towers and soaring spans. Precise and predictable, light in proportion to its strength, it is also well suited to rapid construction, highly repetitive building frames, and architectural details that satisfy the eye with a clean, precise elegance. Among the metals, it is uniquely plentiful and inexpensive. … Read more
Improving Collaboration Among Team Members The design and construction industr y continues to evolve, testing innovative organizational structures and project deliver y methods in which designers, builders, and owners assume less adversarial and less compartmentalized roles. Such approaches share characteristics such as: • Contractual relationships and working arrangements that foster collaboration between project members … Read more
Providing Construction Services An owner wishing to construct a building hopes to achieve a finished project that meets its functional requirements and its expectations for design and quality, at the lowest possible cost, and on a predictable schedule. A contractor offering its construction services hopes to produce quality work, earn a profit, and complete … Read more
The tasks of the architect and the engineer would be impossible to carr y out without the support of dozens of standards-setting agencies, trade associations, professional organizations, and other groups that produce and disseminate information on materials and methods of construction, some of the most important of which are discussed in the sections that follow. … Read more
Throughout this book many alternative ways of building are described: different structural systems, different systems of enclosure, and different systems of interior finish. Each system has characteristics that distinguish it from the alternatives. Sometimes a system is distinguished chiefly by its visual qualities, as one might acknowledge in choosing one type of granite over another, … Read more