Kіtсhеn rеnоνatіоn maу bе an еaѕу рrоjесt but іt maу bе aѕ wеll a соmрlех оnе іf уоu dоn’t haνе ѕоmе thіngѕ сlеarlу ѕеt іn mіnd. Thеу arе aѕ fоllоwѕ: * Plannіng thе dеtaіlѕ іn aссоrdanсе tо thе budgеt. If уоu dоn’t haνе a budgеt thеn іt wіll bе hard tо ѕtart thе рrоjесt … Read more
Slеер еnνіrоnmеnt іѕ νеrу іmроrtant fоr уоur wеll bеіng bесauѕе іn a рlaсе whеrе уоu сan nоt ѕlеер at nіght, уоu wіll оnlу fееl mоrе tіrеd thе nехt daу, and wіth уоur mіnd mоrе соnfuѕеd. Hеrе arе ѕоmе thіngѕ that уоu сan dо tо makе уоur bеdrооm a mоrе rеlaхіng рlaсе; * … Read more
Sills on Foundation Walls Sills resting on continuous masonry foundation walls are generally of nominal 2×4 or 2×6 lumber. They are an- chored to masonry walls with ½-inch bolts at approximately 6-foot intervals. Bolts are embedded at least 6 inches in poured concrete walls and at least 15 inches in masonry block walls, Figure … Read more
Floors and roofs are covered with 2-inch planks. These serve as subflooring and roof sheathing, and, where tongue-and-grooved planking is used, provide an attractive finished floor and ceiling. Ends of floor and roof beams are supported on posts which provide the wall framing. Supplementary framing between posts permits attachment of wall sheathing andexterior sidings. Details … Read more
First floor joists and exterior wall studs both bear on the anchored sill. Second-floor joists bear on a minimum 1×4-inch ribbon strip, which has been let-in to the inside edges of exterior wall studs. In two-story buildings with brick or stone veneer exteriors, balloon framing reduces variations in settlement of framing and the masonry veneer. … Read more
Integration and innovation By definition, outsourcing implies that the firm has once produced with its own employees what it now buys over the market. Instead, the pattern found in construction is characterized by subcontracting of services that frequently lack a history of having been produced in-house (Costantino and Pietroforte 2002, 2004). On the … Read more
There are a huge number of uses: • Railway Sleepers; • Communications poles; • Pre-tensioned precast “hollowcore” slabs; • Pre-tensioned Precast Double T units – for very long spans (e.g., 16 m span for car parks); • Pre-tensioned precast inverted T beam for short-span bridges; • Pre-tensioned precast PSC piles; • Pre-tensioned precast portal frame … Read more
There are two methods of prestressing: • Pre-tensioning: Apply prestress to steel strands before casting concrete; • Post-tensioning: Apply prestress to steel tendons after casting concrete. Pre-tensioning This is the most common form for precast sections. In Stage 1 the wires or strands are stressed; in Stage 2 the concrete is cast around the stressed … Read more
Concrete The main factors for concrete used in PSC are: • Ordinary portland cement-based concrete is used but strength usually greater than 50 N/mm2; • A high early strength is required to enable quicker application of prestress; • A larger elastic modulus is needed to reduce the shortening of the member; • A mix that … Read more